WIRELESS TECHNOLOGY

Objectives: WIRELESS TECHNOLOGY

Wireless Technology – Full Notes

WIRELESS TECHNOLOGY – COMPLETE NOTES

Prepared for deep understanding with real-life examples, calculations, and practical explanations.

WEEK 1: INTRODUCTION TO WIRELESS TECHNOLOGY

Definition

Wireless Technology refers to the transfer of information between two or more points without the use of physical cables, using electromagnetic waves such as radio waves, microwaves, or infrared.

How Wireless Communication Works

  1. Information is converted into an electrical signal
  2. The signal is modulated onto a radio wave
  3. The wave is transmitted through free space
  4. The receiver captures and demodulates the signal

Scope of Wireless Communication

  • Mobile communication (phones, tablets)
  • Internet access (Wi-Fi, mobile data)
  • Satellite communication
  • Internet of Things (IoT)
  • Smart cities and smart homes
Real-Life Example:
When you send a WhatsApp message, your phone converts text into digital signals, sends them wirelessly to the nearest base station, which routes them through the internet to the receiver.

Applications of Wireless Technology

  • Healthcare (wireless patient monitoring)
  • Education (online learning via Wi-Fi)
  • Banking (mobile money, POS terminals)
  • Transportation (GPS, vehicle tracking)

Trends in Wireless Communication

  • 5G and upcoming 6G
  • Massive IoT connectivity
  • Edge computing
  • AI-driven wireless optimization

WEEK 2–3: BROADBAND WIRELESS TECHNOLOGIES

Definition

Broadband Wireless Technology provides high-speed internet access over wireless channels.

Types of Broadband Wireless Technologies

1. Wi-Fi (IEEE 802.11)

  • Short-range (10–100m)
  • Used in homes, offices, campuses

2. Cellular Networks (3G, 4G, 5G)

  • Wide-area coverage
  • Supports mobility

3. WiMAX (IEEE 802.16)

  • Metropolitan area coverage
  • Used for rural broadband

4. Satellite Internet

  • Global coverage
  • Higher latency
Real-Life Example:
Starlink satellite internet provides broadband to remote villages where fiber cables are impossible.

Comparison Table (Conceptual)

  • Wi-Fi: Fast, short distance
  • 4G/5G: Mobile, moderate cost
  • Satellite: Wide coverage, high delay

WEEK 4: SPECTRUM AND INTERFERENCE ANALYSIS

Electromagnetic Spectrum

The electromagnetic spectrum is the range of all possible frequencies of electromagnetic radiation.

Licensed vs Unlicensed Spectrum

  • Licensed: Controlled by regulators (e.g., cellular bands)
  • Unlicensed: Free to use (Wi-Fi 2.4GHz, 5GHz)

Interference

Interference occurs when unwanted signals disrupt communication.

Sources of Interference

  • Other Wi-Fi networks
  • Microwave ovens
  • Bluetooth devices
  • Physical obstacles
Simple Interference Concept:
If Signal Power = -50 dBm and Noise = -80 dBm
Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) = -50 − (−80) = 30 dB
Higher SNR = better quality

WEEK 5: WIRELESS SYSTEMS MANAGEMENT

Wireless LAN (WLAN)

A WLAN connects devices wirelessly within a limited area using access points.

Key Management Tasks

  • SSID configuration
  • Channel selection
  • Power control
  • User authentication

Wireless WAN (WWAN)

Provides wide-area connectivity using cellular networks.

Real-Life Example:
A university IT admin configures multiple access points with non-overlapping channels to reduce interference.

WEEK 6: MOBILE WIRELESS AND CELLULAR CONCEPTS

Cellular Network Concept

The coverage area is divided into cells, each served by a base station.

Frequency Reuse

Same frequency can be reused in non-adjacent cells to increase capacity.

Capacity Example:
If one cell supports 100 users and there are 20 cells:
Total users supported = 100 × 20 = 2000 users

Handover

Process of transferring a call or data session from one cell to another.

WEEK 7: MODULATION AND MULTIPLE ACCESS TECHNIQUES

Modulation

Modulation is the process of embedding information onto a carrier wave.

Types of Modulation

  • AM – Amplitude Modulation
  • FM – Frequency Modulation
  • PSK – Phase Shift Keying
  • QAM – Quadrature Amplitude Modulation

Multiple Access Techniques

  • FDMA – Frequency Division
  • TDMA – Time Division
  • CDMA – Code Division
  • OFDMA – Orthogonal Frequency Division

Propagation Loss

Free Space Path Loss (Concept):
Higher distance = higher loss
Higher frequency = higher loss

WEEK 8–9: WIRELESS SECURITY FUNDAMENTALS & CONFIGURATION

Wireless Security Threats

  • Eavesdropping
  • Man-in-the-middle attacks
  • Rogue access points
  • Denial of Service (DoS)

Security Protocols

  • WEP (Weak – obsolete)
  • WPA2
  • WPA3 (Recommended)

Authentication Methods

  • EAP
  • RADIUS servers
  • VPN tunnels
Real-Life Example:
A company uses WPA3 with VPN to secure remote employee connections.

WEEK 10: WIRELESS NETWORK DESIGN

Design Considerations

  • Coverage area
  • User density
  • Bandwidth demand
  • Interference
Access Point Estimation:
If one AP supports 30 users and expected users = 300
Required APs = 300 / 30 = 10 APs

WEEK 11: WIRELESS TROUBLESHOOTING AND OPTIMIZATION

Common Problems

  • Slow speed
  • Frequent disconnections
  • Dead zones

Troubleshooting Steps

  1. Check signal strength
  2. Analyze channel congestion
  3. Adjust power and placement

WEEK 12: REVIEW AND INTEGRATION

Integrated Wireless Project

  • Network planning
  • Security configuration
  • Performance optimization
  • Documentation

WEEK 13–14: SEMESTER EXAMINATION

Comprehensive written examination covering theory, calculations, design, and security.

END OF NOTES

These notes are designed so that even a beginner can understand wireless technology step by step.

Reference Book: N/A

Author name: SIR H.A.Mwala Work email: biasharaboraofficials@gmail.com
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