1.1 Nouns (Nominal forms)

Form nouns from verbs/adjectives.

• Happy → Happiness (Furaha)
• Decide → Decision (Uamuzi)
• Employ → Employment (Ajira)

1.2 Verbs

• Strength → Strengthen (Kutia nguvu)
• Critic → Criticize (Kukosoa)
• Modern → Modernize (Kufanya kisasa)

1.3 Adjectives & Adverbs

• Quick → Quickly (Haraka)
• Happy → Happily (Kwa furaha)
• Careful → Carefully (Kwa umakini)

2.1 Synonyms (Maneno yanayofanana)

• Big → Large, Huge (Kubwa)
• Smart → Intelligent, Clever (Mwerevu)
• Happy → Joyful, Cheerful (Furaha)

2.2 Antonyms (Maneno yanayopingana)

• Hot ↔ Cold (Moto ↔ Baridi)
• Happy ↔ Sad (Furaha ↔ Huzuni)
• Strong ↔ Weak (Nguvu ↔ Dhaifu)

• Give up → Kukata tamaa
• Look after → Kutunza
• Break down → Kusahau, Kuvunjika (depending on context)
• Run out → Kumaliza kitu (out of stock)

• Piece of cake → Rahisi sana
• Break the ice → Kufanya hali kuwa rahisi
• Hit the sack → Lala
• Once in a blue moon → Mara chache sana

5.1 Prefixes (Maneno ya mwanzo)

• Un- (opposite) → Unhappy (Happily)
• Re- (again) → Rewrite (Andika tena)
• Dis- (not/opposite) → Disagree (Kutokubaliana)

5.2 Suffixes (Maneno ya mwisho)

• -ness → Happiness (Furaha)
• -ment → Employment (Ajira)
• -ly → Quickly (Haraka)

• Make a decision → Fanya uamuzi
• Do homework → Fanya kazi ya nyumbani
• Take a break → Pumzika kidogo
• Have a shower → Oga

• Homonyms (Maneno yanayofanana kwa sauti au spelling, maana tofauti) → Bark (kifocha mti / sauti ya mbwa)
• Homophones (Sauti sawa, spelling tofauti) → Two, Too, To
• Homographs (Spelling sawa, pronunciation tofauti) → Lead (kiongozi / risasi ya chuma)

Q1: Form a noun from "decide".

Answer: Decision

Explanation: Add suffix -ion to verbs to form nouns. (Kutoka verb kwenda noun kwa kuongeza -ion)

Q2: Form an adjective from "beauty".

Answer: Beautiful

Explanation: Add suffix -ful to nouns to make adjectives. (Kutoka noun kwenda adjective kwa kuongeza -ful)

Q3: Form a verb from "strength".

Answer: Strengthen

Explanation: Add suffix -en to nouns to make verbs. (Kutoka noun kwenda verb kwa kuongeza -en)

Q4: Form an adverb from "quick".

Answer: Quickly

Explanation: Add suffix -ly to adjectives to form adverbs. (Kutoka adjective kwenda adverb kwa kuongeza -ly)

Q5: Form a noun from "create".

Answer: Creation

Explanation: Add -ion to verbs to form nouns. (Verb → noun)

Q6: Form an adjective from "care".

Answer: Careful

Explanation: Add -ful to nouns to form adjectives. (care → careful)

Q7: Form a noun from "teach".

Answer: Teacher

Explanation: Add -er to verbs to form nouns that describe a person. (teach → teacher)

Q8: Form a noun from "strong".

Answer: Strength

Explanation: Some adjectives form nouns with irregular changes. (strong → strength)

Q9: Form an adverb from "happy".

Answer: Happily

Explanation: Add -ly to adjectives to form adverbs. (happy → happily)

Q10: Form a verb from "modern".

Answer: Modernize

Explanation: Add -ize to adjectives to form verbs. (modern → modernize)

Q11: Synonym of "big".

Answer: Large

Explanation: Words with similar meaning. (big → large → kubwa)

Q12: Antonym of "happy".

Answer: Sad

Explanation: Words with opposite meaning. (happy → sad)

Q13: Synonym of "intelligent".

Answer: Clever

Explanation: Similar meaning. (intelligent → clever → werevu)

Q14: Antonym of "strong".

Answer: Weak

Explanation: Opposite meaning. (strong → weak → dhaifu)

Q15: Synonym of "angry".

Answer: Furious

Explanation: Similar meaning; angry = furious (hasira)

Q16: Antonym of "easy".

Answer: Difficult

Explanation: Words with opposite meaning. (easy → difficult → ngumu)

Q17: Synonym of "fast".

Answer: Quick

Explanation: Similar meaning. (fast → quick → haraka)

Q18: Antonym of "clean".

Answer: Dirty

Explanation: Opposite meaning. (clean → dirty → chafu)

Q19: Synonym of "beautiful".

Answer: Lovely

Explanation: Words with similar meaning. (beautiful → lovely → nzuri)

Q20: Antonym of "rich".

Answer: Poor

Explanation: Opposite meaning. (rich → poor → maskini)

Q21: Use "look after" in a sentence.

Answer: I look after my younger brother.

Explanation: "Look after" means "kutoa care/kutunza". Phrasal verbs must stay together. (Phrasal verbs lazima ziwe unit moja)

Q22: Meaning of "give up".

Answer: To stop trying

Explanation: Phrasal verb meaning "kusamehe/kukata tamaa". (give up → kukata tamaa)

Q23: Use "run out" in a sentence.

Answer: We ran out of sugar.

Explanation: Means "kumaliza kitu". (run out → kumaliza)

Q24: Meaning of "break down".

Answer: To stop working

Explanation: Common for machines; literal = kuvunjika, figurative = kusababisha failure.

Q25: Use "put off" in a sentence.

Answer: We put off the meeting until tomorrow.

Explanation: "Put off" means postpone. (kuahirisha)

Q31: Meaning of "a piece of cake".

Answer: Very easy

Explanation: Idioms are fixed expressions; literal meaning differs from figurative. (rahisi sana)

Q32: Meaning of "once in a blue moon".

Answer: Rarely

Explanation: Idiom showing infrequency. (Mara chache sana)

Q33: Meaning of "break the ice".

Answer: To start a conversation

Explanation: Idiom for easing social tension. (kufanya hali kuwa rahisi)

Q34: Meaning of "hit the sack".

Answer: To sleep

Explanation: Informal idiom. (lala)

Q35: Meaning of "under the weather".

Answer: Feeling sick

Explanation: Idiom for illness. (Kujisikia mgonjwa)

Q36: Add prefix to "happy" to mean opposite.

Answer: Unhappy

Explanation: Prefix "un-" = opposite. (kakaidi au kinyume)

Q37: Add suffix to "care" to make noun.

Answer: Carefulness

Explanation: Add "-ness" to adjective to form noun. (adjective → noun)

Q38: Add prefix to "agree" to make negative.

Answer: Disagree

Explanation: Prefix "dis-" = not/opposite

Q39: Add suffix to "act" to form noun of action.

Answer: Action

Explanation: Add "-ion" to verbs to make nouns. (act → action → kitendo)

Q40: Add suffix to "modern" to make verb.

Answer: Modernize

Explanation: Add "-ize" to adjectives to form verbs. (modern → modernize → kufanya kisasa)

Q41: Correct collocation: ______ a decision.

Answer: Make a decision

Explanation: Some verbs commonly pair with nouns. (make a decision = fanya uamuzi)

Q42: Correct collocation: ______ homework.

Answer: Do homework

Explanation: "Do" collocates with "homework". (fanya kazi ya nyumbani)

Q43: Correct collocation: ______ a shower.

Answer: Take a shower

Explanation: "Take" collocates with shower. (oga)

Q44: Correct collocation: ______ a break.

Answer: Take a break

Explanation: "Take a break" = pumzika kidogo

Q45: Correct collocation: ______ a risk.

Answer: Take a risk

Explanation: Common phrase meaning to do something risky. (kuchukua hatari)

Q46: Meaning of "bark" (homonym)

Answer: Dog's sound / tree covering

Explanation: Same spelling, different meanings. (Bark = sauti ya mbwa / gome la mti)

Q47: Meaning of "lead" (homograph)

Answer: /li:d/ = metal, /led/ = to guide

Explanation: Same spelling, different pronunciation & meaning. (risasi au kuongoza)

Q48: Homophone for "two".

Answer: Too, To

Explanation: Same pronunciation, different spelling and meaning. (two = 2, too = pia, to = kwenda)

Q49: Homophone for "flower".

Answer: Flour

Explanation: flower (ua) vs flour (unga). Same sound, different meaning. (homophones)

Q50: Homonym for "bat".

Answer: Flying animal / sports equipment

Explanation: Same spelling, different meanings. (bat = popo / bati la mchezo)