Excel Introduction

Objectives: Excel Introduction

Complete History of Microsoft Excel

📜 The Complete, Deep, and Enjoyable History of Microsoft Excel

If you think Excel is just a grid of rows and columns, think again. This is the full story of Excel — from the time spreadsheets were done with pen and paper, to the powerful software we have today. By the end of this history, you'll know not only what Excel is but also how it came to be, why it was created, the programming languages behind it, how it compiles, and even how you could build your own Excel-like app.

1. Before Excel: Life in the Age of Paper Spreadsheets

Before computers, “spreadsheets” were literally sheets of paper used by accountants, bookkeepers, and managers to calculate budgets, track inventories, or record transactions. You had to do math by hand (or with calculators). If you made one mistake on a large sheet, you had to redo a lot of work. This process was slow, repetitive, and error-prone.

The first leap forward came with VisiCalc in 1979 — the first electronic spreadsheet for the Apple II computer. Created by Dan Bricklin and Bob Frankston, VisiCalc turned accounting into a fast, interactive process. It became the “killer app” for early PCs.

2. Why Microsoft Wanted to Create Excel

By the early 1980s, there were a few spreadsheet programs: VisiCalc, Lotus 1-2-3, and Multiplan (Microsoft’s first spreadsheet). But Lotus 1-2-3 dominated because it was faster and more powerful.

Microsoft saw an opportunity: Create a spreadsheet that was graphical, user-friendly, and integrated with the growing GUI world (like the Macintosh). They wanted Excel to be:

  • Faster and more efficient than competitors
  • Visually appealing with charts, colors, and formatting
  • Built for the future of GUI-based computing
  • Compatible with Windows and Macintosh

3. Birth of Microsoft Excel

Excel 1.0 was released for the Macintosh in 1985. Why Mac first? Because Windows wasn’t ready for complex GUIs, and the Mac already had a strong graphics interface.

In 1987, Microsoft released Excel for Windows (Excel 2.0 — they skipped “1” to match the Mac version). From that point, Excel began to outpace Lotus 1-2-3 because Windows PCs were booming.

4. The Programming Languages Behind Excel

Excel was primarily developed in C in the early versions because C allowed efficient low-level control while still being portable across systems. Over the years, Microsoft incorporated:

  • C++ — For object-oriented structure and performance improvements
  • Assembly — For highly optimized routines (especially in calculation engine)
  • Visual Basic for Applications (VBA) — Introduced in Excel 5.0 (1993) to let users automate tasks
  • C# and .NET components — In modern integrations with Office 365 and cloud features

5. How Excel is Compiled

Early Excel was compiled using Microsoft’s own C compilers targeting specific CPU architectures like the Motorola 68000 (Mac) and Intel x86 (PC). The compilation process looked like this:

  1. Source code written in C/C++
  2. Compiled into object code using a compiler
  3. Linked with libraries (graphics, math, OS APIs)
  4. Packaged into an executable (.EXE for Windows, Mac application bundle for Mac)

Modern Excel builds involve millions of lines of code, compiled with advanced build systems, automated testing, and cross-platform deployment pipelines.

6. Is Excel Open Source?

No. Microsoft Excel is proprietary software. Its source code is not available to the public. However, Microsoft has published open formats like Office Open XML (.xlsx) so others can read and write Excel files.

For open-source alternatives, you can look at LibreOffice Calc, Apache OpenOffice, or Gnumeric.

7. How to Build Your Own Excel-Like App

If you wanted to create your own spreadsheet application, you’d need to combine:

  • Grid Rendering — Display rows, columns, and cells
  • Cell Data Structures — Store values, formulas, formatting
  • Formula Parser & Calculation Engine — Interpret functions like =SUM(A1:A5)
  • File Import/Export — Save as .xlsx, .csv, etc.
  • UI Controls — Toolbars, charts, menus

Example: Simple pseudo-code for a cell calculation

function calculateCell(formula) {
  tokens = parse(formula);
  return evaluate(tokens);
}

8. Timeline of Excel Versions

  • 1985 — Excel 1.0 for Macintosh
  • 1987 — Excel 2.0 for Windows
  • 1990 — Excel 3.0 (introduced toolbars, drawing, outlines)
  • 1993 — Excel 5.0 (VBA introduced)
  • 2000 — Excel 2000 (HTML support)
  • 2007 — New ribbon UI, .xlsx format
  • 2013 — Cloud integration with OneDrive
  • 2020+ — Excel for the web with AI features

9. Real-World Impact

Excel is used everywhere: finance, engineering, education, science, inventory, and even sports analysis. In fact, NASA has admitted to using Excel for some data analysis tasks. It’s so universal that “Excel skills” are listed in millions of job descriptions worldwide.

10. Conclusion

Excel’s story is one of innovation, competition, and adaptation. From replacing paper ledgers to integrating with AI in the cloud, Excel has shaped how humans work with data for nearly four decades. Understanding its history and design is the first step to building something even better.

Excel Introduction / Interface — Detailed Notes

Excel Introduction / Interface — Complete Notes

These notes cover Excel from history to practical interface use with real examples and guidance for beginners.

1. History of Microsoft Excel

  • 1985: First version of Excel released for Apple Macintosh.
  • 1987: Excel 2.0 for Windows introduced, offering graphical interface and menus.
  • 1990s: Versions Excel 3.0, 4.0, 5.0 introduced toolbars, charts, and VBA (Visual Basic for Applications).
  • 2000s: Ribbon interface introduced in Excel 2007, replacing menus with tabs, groups, and contextual options.
  • 2010s-2020s: Cloud-based Excel Online, collaboration, dynamic arrays, Power Query, Power Pivot, and integration with Power BI.
  • Practical Note: Excel is available on Desktop (Windows, Mac), Mobile (iOS, Android), and Online (browser) — use according to convenience and features.

2. Excel Application Overview

Excel is a spreadsheet software that allows users to store, organize, analyze, and visualize data in tabular form. Key components:

  • Workbook: An Excel file (.xlsx, .xlsm, etc.). Contains multiple worksheets.
  • Worksheet: A single sheet inside a workbook, composed of rows and columns.
  • Cells: Intersection of a row and column (e.g., A1).
  • Range: A group of cells (e.g., A1:C10).
  • Row: Horizontal set of cells identified by numbers.
  • Column: Vertical set of cells identified by letters.
Example: To select the first 10 rows and first 3 columns: Click on cell A1, drag to C10 — the selected area is your range A1:C10.

3. Ribbon, Tabs, and Groups

  • Ribbon: The horizontal strip at the top of Excel containing tabs.
  • Tabs: Organized sections like Home, Insert, Page Layout, Formulas, Data, Review, View.
  • Groups: Each tab has groups that contain related commands (e.g., Font group under Home tab).
  • Contextual Tabs: Appear only when certain objects are selected, like charts or tables (e.g., Chart Design tab appears when chart selected).
  • Practical Tip: Hover over commands to see their description and shortcut key. This helps to understand purpose before using it.

4. Quick Access Toolbar (QAT)

  • Located at the top-left corner of Excel window.
  • Allows quick access to frequently used commands (Save, Undo, Redo, etc.).
  • You can customize QAT by clicking the drop-down arrow → More Commands → select commands.
  • Keyboard tip: Alt + Number executes command in QAT.

5. Backstage View (File Menu)

  • Access by clicking File tab (top-left corner).
  • Options inside Backstage:
    • Save: Save current workbook.
    • Save As: Save a copy in different formats (.xlsx, .xls, .csv, .pdf).
    • Open: Open recent or browse files.
    • Export: Create PDF/XPS, change file type, or create a template.
    • Options: Customize Excel settings (Formulas, Proofing, Save, Language, Advanced features).
Practical Step: To save as PDF: File → Export → Create PDF/XPS → choose location → Publish.

6. Views and Navigation

  • Normal View: Standard editing view (default).
  • Page Layout View: See how worksheet prints with headers, footers, and page breaks.
  • Page Break Preview: Adjust where pages break when printing.
  • Custom Views: Save specific display settings and print settings for reuse.
Practical Tip: Use Page Break Preview to drag and adjust page boundaries for better print layout.

7. Zoom, Freeze Panes, Split Panes, Full Screen

  • Zoom: Bottom right slider or View tab → Zoom to adjust visible magnification.
  • Freeze Panes: Lock rows/columns while scrolling (View tab → Freeze Panes).
  • Split Panes: Split worksheet into multiple scrollable panes (View tab → Split).
  • Full Screen: View workbook in full screen for focus (Alt+V, U in older versions; View tab → Full Screen in some versions).
Practical Example: Freeze top row to keep headers visible: View → Freeze Panes → Freeze Top Row.

8. Window Management

  • New Window: Open same workbook in another window (View tab → New Window).
  • Arrange: Tile, Cascade, Horizontal, Vertical to view multiple windows.
  • View Side-by-Side: Compare two workbooks or windows simultaneously (View tab → View Side-by-Side).
Tip: Useful when comparing sheets for data verification or copying formulas from one workbook to another.

End of Introduction / Interface section. Next steps: Data Entry, Formatting, Formulas, Charts, and advanced features.

Excel Introduction / Interface - Q&A

Excel Introduction / Interface - Q&A

20 Questions & Answers to master Excel interface, practical examples included.

1. What is Microsoft Excel and where can it be used?
Excel is a spreadsheet program used to organize, calculate, analyze, and visualize data. It can be used on Windows Desktop, Mac, Online (browser), and Mobile devices (iOS/Android). Example: Track monthly expenses or create a budget spreadsheet.
2. Explain Workbook, Worksheet, Cell, Row, and Column in Excel.
A Workbook is the Excel file (.xlsx). A Worksheet is a single tab within a workbook. Cell is the intersection of a row and column (e.g., A1). Row = horizontal (numbers), Column = vertical (letters).
Example: To select range A1:C10, click cell A1, drag to C10.
3. What is the Ribbon in Excel?
Ribbon is the horizontal toolbar at the top containing Tabs (Home, Insert, Page Layout, etc.) and Groups (Font, Alignment, Number). Example: Home tab → Font group → Bold button to bold text in selected cells.
4. What are Contextual Tabs? Give an example.
Contextual Tabs appear only when specific objects are selected. Example: Click on a chart → 'Chart Design' and 'Format' tabs appear. You can then change chart style, colors, or layout.
5. What is the Quick Access Toolbar (QAT) and how do you customize it?
QAT is a small toolbar at top-left providing fast access to commands (Save, Undo, Redo). Customize: Click drop-down → More Commands → Add/Remove commands. Example: Add 'Print Preview' to QAT for quick access.
6. Describe Backstage view and its main options.
Backstage view opens by clicking File tab. Main options: Save, Save As, Open, Export, Options. Example: File → Export → Create PDF/XPS to save workbook as PDF.
7. How do you switch between Workbook Views?
Go to View tab → Workbook Views group. Options: Normal, Page Layout, Page Break Preview, Custom Views. Example: Page Layout view shows how worksheet will print with headers/footers.
8. How do you Zoom in/out in Excel?
Use slider at bottom-right corner or View tab → Zoom. Example: Zoom to 200% to clearly see cell details, or Zoom to 50% to see more data at once.
9. Explain Freeze Panes with practical steps.
Freeze rows/columns to keep them visible while scrolling. Example: View tab → Freeze Panes → Freeze Top Row to always see headers while scrolling down.
10. How do you split a worksheet into multiple panes?
View tab → Split. You can then scroll different areas independently. Example: Compare top data and bottom data simultaneously.
11. How do you maximize Excel to full screen?
Click maximize button (top-right window) or use View tab → Full Screen (older versions). Example: Focus entirely on data for analysis.
12. How do you open a New Window of the same workbook?
View tab → New Window. Example: Open same workbook twice to view Sheet1 and Sheet2 side by side.
13. How can you arrange multiple Excel windows?
View tab → Arrange All → choose Tile, Cascade, Horizontal, Vertical. Example: Compare data from two workbooks simultaneously.
14. How to view workbooks side-by-side?
View tab → View Side-by-Side → select workbook to compare. Example: Compare last month vs this month sales data.
15. How do you identify a selected cell's address?
Look at the Name Box (left of formula bar). Example: If cell B5 is selected, Name Box shows 'B5'.
16. How do you select an entire row or column?
Click row number to select a row, click column letter to select a column. Example: Click '3' to select row 3, click 'C' to select column C.
17. How do you switch between worksheets in a workbook?
Click sheet tabs at bottom (Sheet1, Sheet2, etc.). Example: To go from Sheet1 to Sheet3, click tab 'Sheet3'.
18. What is the difference between relative and absolute cell reference?
Relative reference (A1) changes when copied; absolute reference ($A$1) stays fixed. Example: =SUM(A1:B1) copied down adjusts to =SUM(A2:B2). =SUM($A$1:$B$1) stays same.
19. How to identify contextual help for commands?
Hover mouse over any button → tooltip shows name, shortcut key, and description. Example: Hover over 'Merge & Center' to see what it does and shortcut Alt+H+M+C.
20. How to view Excel version and license info?
File tab → Account → View product information. Example: Excel 365, subscription type, update options.
Excel Introduction / Interface - Expert Q&A

Excel Introduction / Interface - Expert Q&A

Additional expert-level questions and answers to master Excel interface with practical steps and click instructions.

21. How do you customize the Ribbon in Excel?
Go to File → Options → Customize Ribbon. Here you can create new tabs or groups, and add commands. Example: Add 'Macros' to a new custom group under Home tab for quick access.
22. How do you use the Tell Me / Search feature in Excel?
Use the 'Tell Me What You Want to Do' box (light bulb icon or Alt+Q) to search commands instead of navigating Ribbon. Example: Type 'Insert Table' → click result → Table inserted instantly.
23. How do you access recent workbooks quickly?
File tab → Open → Recent. Displays recently opened workbooks. Example: Click workbook name to open directly without browsing folders.
24. How to quickly navigate to a specific cell?
Use Name Box (left of formula bar): type cell address (e.g., E45) → press Enter. Excel will jump to that cell immediately.
25. How to use keyboard shortcuts for efficiency?
Learn common shortcuts: Ctrl+C (Copy), Ctrl+V (Paste), Ctrl+Z (Undo), Ctrl+Shift+L (Apply Filter), Ctrl+Arrow keys (jump to data edges). Example: Ctrl+Shift+Arrow Down selects all contiguous data in a column.
26. How to split and freeze at the same time?
View tab → Split, then select top row and left column → View tab → Freeze Panes. Example: Keep headers and first column visible while scrolling.
27. How to check compatibility with other Excel versions?
File tab → Info → Check for Issues → Check Compatibility. Example: Ensures your workbook features are usable in older Excel versions.
28. How to use Quick Analysis tool?
Select a range → Quick Analysis button (bottom-right of selection) → choose Formatting, Charts, Totals, Tables, Sparklines. Example: Highlight A1:B10 → Quick Analysis → Charts → Column Chart inserted instantly.
29. How do you inspect and remove hidden data?
File tab → Info → Check for Issues → Inspect Document → remove hidden rows, comments, or personal info. Example: Before sharing workbook, ensure sensitive data is removed.
30. How do you reset window layout to default?
View tab → Arrange All → Cascade/Tile then close extra windows. Example: If multiple windows are open in strange positions, reset for clean view.
31. How to access and use the Excel Help system?
Press F1 or click '?' in top-right → Excel Help appears. Example: Search 'VLOOKUP' → step-by-step guide and examples provided directly by Microsoft.
32. How to personalize Excel theme and background?
File tab → Options → General → Personalize your copy of Microsoft Office. Example: Change Office Theme to Dark Gray or Background pattern for comfort.
33. How to check formula calculation options?
Formulas tab → Calculation Options → Automatic/Manual/Automatic except Tables. Example: Manual mode is used when large datasets slow down automatic calculation.
34. How to use the Excel status bar efficiently?
Right-click Status Bar (bottom of Excel) → choose items to display: Average, Sum, Count, Caps Lock, Macro Recording. Example: Select numbers → see Sum displayed instantly without formula.
35. How to use Split and Zoom together for detailed analysis?
View tab → Split to divide window → use Zoom slider (bottom-right) in each pane individually. Example: Zoom one pane to 150% for details, keep other pane at 50% for overview.
36. How to access recently used commands for quick repeat?
Right-click Ribbon → Customize Quick Access Toolbar → Recent Commands section. Example: Add 'Repeat Last Action' to QAT to speed up repetitive formatting.
37. How to restore hidden Ribbon if minimized?
Click small arrow at top-right (Ribbon Display Options) → Show Tabs/Show Tabs and Commands. Example: Ribbon collapsed accidentally → click 'Show Tabs and Commands' to restore fully.
38. How to check and update Excel version?
File tab → Account → Update Options → Update Now. Example: Ensures latest features and security patches are installed.
39. How to use mouse hover tips efficiently?
Hover over any command/button → tooltip appears showing function name, shortcut, and brief description. Example: Hover 'Conditional Formatting' to understand its purpose before using.
40. How to compare two sheets in the same workbook?
View tab → New Window → View Side-by-Side → select sheets → Synchronous Scrolling ON. Example: Compare Sheet1 sales vs Sheet2 targets easily.
Excel Introduction / Interface Q&A

Excel Introduction / Interface — 50 Q&A

These questions and answers cover all aspects of Excel Interface, designed to make you globally competent in exams and real-life usage.

Q&A Section

  1. Q1: What year was the first version of Microsoft Excel released and on which platform?
    A1: Excel was first released in 1985 for Apple Macintosh. It offered a graphical interface that replaced command-line spreadsheets.
  2. Q2: When did Excel become available for Windows?
    A2: Excel 2.0 was released for Windows in 1987, introducing menus, toolbars, and basic graphical functionality.
  3. Q3: What major interface change occurred in Excel 2007?
    A3: The Ribbon interface replaced traditional menus, organizing commands into tabs, groups, and contextual tabs.
  4. Q4: What are the different platforms on which Excel is available today?
    A4: Excel is available on Desktop (Windows, Mac), Online (Browser), and Mobile (iOS, Android).
  5. Q5: Define Workbook in Excel.
    A5: A workbook is the Excel file (.xlsx, .xlsm, etc.) containing one or more worksheets.
  6. Q6: Define Worksheet and how it differs from Workbook.
    A6: A worksheet is a single sheet inside a workbook consisting of rows and columns. A workbook can contain multiple worksheets.
  7. Q7: What is a cell and how do you reference it?
    A7: A cell is the intersection of a row and column (e.g., A1). Reference cells by their column letter and row number.
  8. Q8: Explain what a Range is in Excel.
    A8: A range is a group of cells, e.g., A1:C10, which you can format, enter data, or use in formulas.
  9. Q9: What are Rows and Columns in Excel?
    A9: Rows are horizontal (numbered 1,2,3...), Columns are vertical (lettered A,B,C...). Their intersection creates cells.
  10. Q10: Explain the Ribbon in Excel.
    A10: The Ribbon is the horizontal strip containing tabs like Home, Insert, Formulas. Commands are grouped for easy access.
  11. Q11: What are Tabs and Groups?
    A11: Tabs organize commands by function (Home, Insert), Groups within tabs cluster related commands (e.g., Font, Alignment).
  12. Q12: What are Contextual Tabs?
    A12: Contextual Tabs appear when certain objects are selected, like charts or tables, e.g., Chart Design tab when a chart is clicked.
  13. Q13: What is the Quick Access Toolbar (QAT) and how do you customize it?
    A13: QAT is at the top-left corner for quick commands like Save, Undo. Customize: click dropdown → More Commands → select commands.
  14. Q14: How do you save a workbook in Excel?
    A14: Click File → Save, or use Ctrl+S. For a different format, use File → Save As.
  15. Q15: How do you export a workbook to PDF?
    A15: File → Export → Create PDF/XPS → choose location → Publish.
  16. Q16: What is Backstage View?
    A16: Backstage View appears after clicking File tab. It allows you to open, save, print, export, and manage workbook settings.
  17. Q17: Name different Views in Excel.
    A17: Normal, Page Layout, Page Break Preview, Custom Views.
  18. Q18: How do you freeze panes?
    A18: View tab → Freeze Panes → choose Freeze Top Row, Freeze First Column, or Freeze Panes.
  19. Q19: How do you split a worksheet into multiple panes?
    A19: View tab → Split. You can then scroll each pane independently.
  20. Q20: How do you zoom in and out?
    A20: Use the Zoom slider at the bottom-right corner or View tab → Zoom.
  21. Q21: What is Full Screen mode in Excel?
    A21: Full screen hides ribbons and status bars to focus on worksheet. Access: Alt+V, U (older) or View tab → Full Screen.
  22. Q22: How do you open a new window of the same workbook?
    A22: View tab → New Window. Useful for comparing sheets side by side.
  23. Q23: How can you arrange multiple windows?
    A23: View tab → Arrange All → choose Tiled, Horizontal, Vertical, Cascade.
  24. Q24: How do you view workbooks side by side?
    A24: View tab → View Side-by-Side. Useful for data comparison or copying formulas.
  25. Q25: What is the difference between Save and Save As?
    A25: Save updates the current workbook. Save As creates a copy in a different location or format.
  26. Q26: How can you know which Excel version you are using?
    A26: File → Account → About Excel shows version, build, and license type.
  27. Q27: What are the practical uses of Freeze Panes?
    A27: Keep headers visible when scrolling large datasets.
  28. Q28: How do you customize the Ribbon?
    A28: File → Options → Customize Ribbon. Add or remove tabs/groups according to your workflow.
  29. Q29: Explain the purpose of Contextual Tabs.
    A29: Provide commands relevant to selected objects (charts, tables, images), making editing more efficient.
  30. Q30: How do you select a range of cells?
    A30: Click the first cell, hold and drag to the last cell of the desired range.
  31. Q31: How do you navigate between worksheets?
    A31: Click the sheet tabs at the bottom or use Ctrl+Page Up/Down.
  32. Q32: How do you display different workbook windows simultaneously?
    A32: Open multiple windows via View → New Window → Arrange → select layout.
  33. Q33: What is the purpose of Backstage View's Options?
    A33: Customize Excel behavior including formulas, proofing, language, and advanced settings.
  34. Q34: What is Page Break Preview used for?
    A34: Adjust where printed pages break, allowing precise control over print layout.
  35. Q35: How do you access Recent Workbooks?
    A35: File tab → Open → Recent, which lists recently opened files.
  36. Q36: Explain the purpose of Custom Views.
    A36: Save specific display, print, or filter settings to quickly switch between layouts.
  37. Q37: How do you show formulas instead of results in cells?
    A37: Press Ctrl+` (grave accent) or Formulas tab → Show Formulas.
  38. Q38: How do you navigate a large worksheet quickly?

    Q&A Section

    1. Q38: How do you navigate a large worksheet quickly?
      A38: Use Ctrl+Arrow keys to jump to the edge of data, or use Name Box to jump to a specific cell. Scroll bars and Page Up/Page Down also help.
    2. Q39: How do you switch between open Excel windows?
      A39: Use Alt+Tab to switch between all open applications or View tab → Switch Windows to select a specific workbook window.
    3. Q40: What is the purpose of the Zoom slider at the bottom-right corner?
      A40: Adjusts the magnification of the worksheet for better readability or detailed work without changing data layout.
    4. Q41: Explain the difference between Normal view and Page Layout view.
      A41: Normal view is standard for data entry and editing. Page Layout view shows how data will appear when printed, including headers, footers, and page breaks.
    5. Q42: What is the difference between Freeze Panes and Split Panes?
      A42: Freeze Panes locks specific rows/columns for constant visibility. Split Panes divides the worksheet into separate scrollable sections without locking.
    6. Q43: How can you identify the active cell in Excel?
      A43: The active cell has a bold border around it, and its reference appears in the Name Box.
    7. Q44: What are the practical benefits of using Custom Views?
      A44: Quickly switch between different worksheet layouts, print settings, or filtered data without recreating each view manually.
    8. Q45: How do you access and use the Name Box effectively?
      A45: The Name Box (left of the formula bar) shows the selected cell reference. You can type a cell address (e.g., C20) or a named range to jump to it instantly.
    9. Q46: How do you check which Excel version supports a feature?
      A46: File → Account → About Excel. Features like dynamic arrays and XLOOKUP are available only in Excel 365 or 2019+.
    10. Q47: What is the purpose of the Status Bar at the bottom?
      A47: Shows information about selected cells, e.g., sum, average, count, view mode, zoom level. Right-click to customize displayed items.
    11. Q48: How do you open a recently used workbook?
      A48: File → Open → Recent Workbooks lists recently used files for quick access.
    12. Q49: Why is the Quick Access Toolbar important for productivity?
      A49: QAT allows access to frequently used commands without navigating the Ribbon, saving time and increasing efficiency.
    13. Q50: How do you customize Excel to suit your workflow?
      A50: File → Options → Customize Ribbon or QAT. Add/remove tabs, groups, or commands, and adjust Excel settings for your needs.

    End of 50 Q&A for Excel Introduction / Interface. Mastery of these questions ensures complete understanding of the Excel interface and basic navigation for any exam or practical task.

Reference Book: Excel 2021 Bible – Michael Alexander & Dick Kusleika Excel Formulas and Functions for Dummies – Ken Bluttman Excel Data Analysis – Jinjer Simon Excel Power Query & Power Pivot For Dummies – Michael Alexander Excel VBA Programming For Dummies – Michael Alexander & John Walkenbach

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