1) What does use Illuminate\Support\Facades\Route; mean?

• use imports a class/namespace so you can reference it by its short name.
• Illuminate\Support\Facades\Route is Laravel’s Facade for routing; it gives you methods like Route::get(), Route::post(), etc.

// routes/web.php or routes/api.php
use Illuminate\Support\Facades\Route;

Route::get('/hello', function () {
    return 'Hello World';
});

Without use you’d have to write the fully qualified name every time:

\Illuminate\Support\Facades\Route::get('/hello', fn () => 'Hello World');

2) What does use Illuminate\Support\Facades\Artisan; mean?

• The Artisan Facade lets you run Artisan commands from PHP code (not just the terminal).

use Illuminate\Support\Facades\Artisan;

Artisan::call('cache:clear');
Artisan::call('migrate', ['--force' => true]);

Typical places: jobs, controllers, maintenance scripts. Use carefully to avoid long-running tasks in HTTP requests.

3) The PHP :: (Scope Resolution Operator)

• Used to access static methods, static properties, and class constants without creating an object.
• Also resolves parent class members (e.g., parent::method()).
• No spaces allowed between the colons — : : is a syntax error.

class Calculator {
    public static function add($a, $b) { return $a + $b; }
    const VERSION = '1.0.0';
}

echo Calculator::add(2, 3);      // 5
echo Calculator::VERSION;        // 1.0.0
echo Calculator::class;          // "Calculator" (class name as string)

4) :: vs ->

class AppInfo {
    public static function name() { return 'MyApp'; }
    const BUILD = 42;
}

echo AppInfo::name();
echo AppInfo::BUILD;

class User {
    public string $name = 'Ada';
    public function greet() { return "Hi, {$this->name}"; }
}

$u = new User();
echo $u->name;    // property
echo $u->greet(); // method

5) Other PHP Operators (Quick Reference)

Comparison

• == loose equality (type juggling): 5 == "5" → true
• === strict equality (type + value): 5 === "5" → false
• !=, !==, <, <=, >, >=
• <=> spaceship (returns -1, 0, 1 for <, =, >)

Assignment / Arithmetic / String

• =, +=, -=, *=, /=, %=
• . string concatenation; .= append

Logical

• &&, ||, ! (common)
• and, or, xor (lower precedence; use carefully)

Null/Coalescing/Elvis

• ?? null coalescing: $name = $_GET['name'] ?? 'Guest';
• ?: elvis (truthy check): $title = $givenTitle ?: 'Untitled';

Ternary

• condition ? if_true : if_false

Array/Iteration

• => key => value
• ... spread/unpack (arrays/arguments)

Bitwise

• &, |, ^, ~, <<, >>

Type / Object

• instanceof (type checking)
• -> object access (instance)
• :: scope resolution (static/constant/class name)
• new create object

Miscellaneous

• @ error control (avoid in production)
• clone object cloning
• yield generators
• match (PHP 8) expression-like switch

6) When should I use each file/operator?